In this article, I am going to write some basic Ubuntu operations which we need day today. I am gonna describe everything like a list and this list goes on updated.
First of all, we have to know about user-defined fonts i.e. every defines their fonts in their home directory:
~/.fonts
The fonts in this directory are only for the specific user and not available globally.
If we have to make the fonts globally available, then we have to copy the fonts into other locations.The locations can be defined in
/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
The default directories are
/usr/share/fonts,
/usr/local/share/fonts
and
~/.fonts
So, if we copy directly into the /usr/share/fonts or /usr/local/share/fonts to make the font available for all users. Of course, you have to be an administrator to copy the fonts into the above-mentioned directories.
Here is the sample fonts to test.
Sample Fonts
After copying into the corresponding directories, we have to run the following commands:
sudo fc-cache -fv
If the system is rebooted, we do not need to execute the above command, fonts are loaded automatically.
After installation is complete, we check if the fonts have been successfully installed.
sudo fc-list |grep verdana
If the font is successfully installed, then it shows the newly installed font.
Note: we need to restart the application which is using the font to reflect the newly installed fonts.
Here, I will try to explain as simple as possible to work around with that:
$ update-locale LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
Note: the supported locales are located in the file /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED.
Shortcut Method:
From a terminal, run the following command, and select the required locales. That does everything we needed!
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
Yes, it is recommended to restart the system to properly load the locales.
sudo apt install qemu
Date Time Settings
This section describes how can we set date and time in the Ubuntu system from the command terminal. The auto-update of date-time is carried out through the NTP server, the configuration of datetime sync server is a different topic. We simply set the date and time here.
First of all, there are two clocks: 1) System clock, 2) Hardware clock
Here, the date-time set in the hardware clock is what we see the time in Bios, and if Bios time is not correct, then the system time could be also incorrect because when system boots, it gets time from Hardware clock.
So, if the hardware clock is wrong by any chance, the system time also gets wrong.
1) See system date and time
$ date
2) Set system date and time
$ sudo date -s '2017-10-04 16:31:32'
3) See hardware clock time
$ sudo hwclock
4) Set hardware clock time from system time
$sudo hwclock -w
5) Set system time from hardware clock time
$sudo hwclock -s
In the above commands, -w can be replaced with --systohc and -s can be replaced with --hctosys.
Enable Remote Desktop in Ubuntu Server
If we install a standalone Ubuntu server and want it to be accessible via remote desktop, we have to do some extra tasks. Since, ubuntu-server comes without any desktop application, i.e. no GUI possible, only terminal. That's cool if you are familiar with the command line terminal. If you still want to make your server available via remote desktop, we have to install the desktop application on the server. The program we need for remote desktop is xrdp.
So, we install it using the terminal as follows:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install xrdp
sudo apt install ubuntu-mate-core ubuntu-mate-desktop
echo mate-session >~/.xsession
sudo service xrdp restart
Then we are ready to connect using rdesktop from Linux and remote desktop from windows based systems.
Font Installation
One of the frequently facing problems we get is the required fonts are not installed and we have to install by ourselves. Yes, there are several ways to install fonts in Ubuntu system. First of all, we have to know where the fonts are located and what is the purpose of the fonts.First of all, we have to know about user-defined fonts i.e. every defines their fonts in their home directory:
~/.fonts
The fonts in this directory are only for the specific user and not available globally.
If we have to make the fonts globally available, then we have to copy the fonts into other locations.The locations can be defined in
/etc/fonts/fonts.conf
The default directories are
/usr/share/fonts,
/usr/local/share/fonts
and
~/.fonts
So, if we copy directly into the /usr/share/fonts or /usr/local/share/fonts to make the font available for all users. Of course, you have to be an administrator to copy the fonts into the above-mentioned directories.
Here is the sample fonts to test.
Sample Fonts
After copying into the corresponding directories, we have to run the following commands:
sudo fc-cache -fv
If the system is rebooted, we do not need to execute the above command, fonts are loaded automatically.
After installation is complete, we check if the fonts have been successfully installed.
sudo fc-list |grep verdana
If the font is successfully installed, then it shows the newly installed font.
Note: we need to restart the application which is using the font to reflect the newly installed fonts.
Localization
This is one of the common problems I have faced. Basically, when using the German alphabets with umlauts, they are not properly displayed because of unicode related problems.Here, I will try to explain as simple as possible to work around with that:
- Check the current local settings:
- See the available locales
- If locale is not in the list, then it should be generated(installed)
- To regenarate locales,
- The default settings are stored in /etc/default/locale file.
$ update-locale LANG=de_DE.UTF-8
Note: the supported locales are located in the file /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED.
Shortcut Method:
From a terminal, run the following command, and select the required locales. That does everything we needed!
$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
Yes, it is recommended to restart the system to properly load the locales.
Quickly Test USB Boot
- Install qumu
sudo apt install qemu
- Test ISO
- Test USB
Date Time Settings
This section describes how can we set date and time in the Ubuntu system from the command terminal. The auto-update of date-time is carried out through the NTP server, the configuration of datetime sync server is a different topic. We simply set the date and time here.
First of all, there are two clocks: 1) System clock, 2) Hardware clock
Here, the date-time set in the hardware clock is what we see the time in Bios, and if Bios time is not correct, then the system time could be also incorrect because when system boots, it gets time from Hardware clock.
So, if the hardware clock is wrong by any chance, the system time also gets wrong.
1) See system date and time
$ date
2) Set system date and time
$ sudo date -s '2017-10-04 16:31:32'
3) See hardware clock time
$ sudo hwclock
4) Set hardware clock time from system time
$sudo hwclock -w
5) Set system time from hardware clock time
$sudo hwclock -s
In the above commands, -w can be replaced with --systohc and -s can be replaced with --hctosys.
Enable Remote Desktop in Ubuntu Server
If we install a standalone Ubuntu server and want it to be accessible via remote desktop, we have to do some extra tasks. Since, ubuntu-server comes without any desktop application, i.e. no GUI possible, only terminal. That's cool if you are familiar with the command line terminal. If you still want to make your server available via remote desktop, we have to install the desktop application on the server. The program we need for remote desktop is xrdp.
So, we install it using the terminal as follows:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade
sudo apt install xrdp
sudo apt install ubuntu-mate-core ubuntu-mate-desktop
echo mate-session >~/.xsession
sudo service xrdp restart
Then we are ready to connect using rdesktop from Linux and remote desktop from windows based systems.
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